San Diego Jewish World~July 5

20 British MPs want negotiations with Hamas

LONDON (Press Release)—A day after the release of a kidnapped BBC reporter by the Hamas government in Gaza, 20 members of the UK parliament (MPs) have called for talks with the Islamist group Hamas.

The MPs, from across the political spectrum, presented a motion in the House of Commons urging international engagement with Hamas, which the British government has declared a terrorist group. Hamas' "pivotal role" in ending the four-month abduction of Alan Johnston was a sign that Hamas should be part of Palestinian reconciliation efforts, the motion said.

Johnston himself had "acknowledged the pivotal role played by Hamas in condemning the kidnapping and securing his release," the document said.

After Johnston's release on Wednesday, Britain's new foreign secretary, David Miliband, also "fully acknowledged the crucial role" played by Hamas and its leader, Ismail Haniyeh, in securing Johnston's release, though no official softening of the government's stance against Hamas has been announced.

“The international community's support for Mahmoud Abbas as the legitimate president of Palestine should not preclude contact with Hamas," the MPs’ motion states.

Israelis believe PM should always be Jewish

JERUSALEM (Press Release)—A poll commissioned by the German Friedrich Naumann Foundation (FNS) in Israel has revealed a wide gap between the principles Israelis have on various issues and their willingness to see such principles implemented, especially with regards to minority rights.

The survey, conducted among 609 Hebrew, Russian and Arabic-speaking Israelis, found that 55 percent of respondents support safeguarding the rights of Israeli Arabs. However, 64 percent believe that only Jews should be allowed to run for the office of Israeli prime minister. Although 97 percent think that tolerance towards the other is important, a third of the public believes Arabs and Jews should live in separate neighborhoods.

When it comes to Israel's democratic character, 37 percent of Hebrew and Russian-speaking respondents said that the country's Jewish nature was more important than its democratic character. Some 47 percent of the Arabic-speaking population believe that Israel's democratic nature is more important than its Jewish character. In addition, according to the poll 75 percent of Israelis (including 21 percent of the Arab public) support lifting all limitations on counter-terrorism operations even if this entails violating suspects' human and civil rights.

The FNS representative in Israel, Hans-Georg Plack, was quoted by “Haaretz” as saying that "the poll's contradictory results illustrate that the Israeli public attributes the highest importance to liberal values and democratic institutions, despite the lack of willingness to implement these principles in some fields. This probably stems from the unique and difficult security situation in the region, which leads to a heightened need for security and for protecting democracy."

The preceding article was provided by the World Jewish Congress

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Violence in Gaza during Israel's incursion
source of deep concern to Secretary-General

UNITED NATIONS, New York (Press Release)— Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon "is deeply concerned at the violence reported in Gaza in the context of the recent Israeli incursion," Marie Okabe, deputy spokesperson said today.

She cited reports indicating that during heavy exchanges of fire, including the use of tank fire in populated areas, a number of Palestinian civilians were injured and at least one was reported killed.

“The Secretary-General calls on all parties to do their utmost to protect civilians and uphold international law,” she said. “In addition, Palestinian rocket fire into Israel must stop.”

Okabe said Ban Ki-moon believes “calm must be restored in order to focus all energies on finding a just and lasting peace in the Middle East.”

The preceding story was based on a summary provided by the United Nations

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Wiesenthal Center condemns Hugo Chavez
for pro-Iran, anti-U.S., anti-Israel rhetoric

LOS ANGELES—The Simon Wiesenthal Center condemned statements by Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez during his recent visit to Iran.

During a joint press conference with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Chavez defended Iran’s nuclear program and added, “The barbarians are those who occupied and destroyed Iraq, those who assault the Palestinian people, those who went from Europe to destroy our Latin American civilization,” in reference to the Inca, Maya and Azteca peoples.

“The delibarate forgetting of the Nazi Holocaust against the Jewish people, a paradigm of genocide in the modern age,
Hugo Chavez
seems like a genuflection exercise from Chavez to his host, who never wastes an opportunity to deny the Holocaust,” said Shimon Samuels, Director for International Relations of the Simon Wiesenthal Center and Sergio Widder, Latin American Representative.

Chavez also commended “the deep spiritual wealth of Iranian policies,” and announced Iran’s incorporation as observer at the Alternativa Bolivariana de las Américas (Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas), an integration project promoted by Venezuela in opposition to the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas.

“Where does Chavez find the spiritual wealth; in the calls for the destruction of Israel, in the denial of the Nazi Holocaust, in Iran’s involvement in terrorist attacks in Argentina? We condemn these statements by Chavez and call on Latin America to reject the intervention of a terrorist state such as Iran in any regional integration process,” Samuels and Widder concluded.

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Last Jews of Libya her first selection at film festival

JERUSALEM—It's the first full day of the Jerusalem International Film Festival and a couple of hundred Israelis and visitors spend more than an hour of a beautiful July Friday afternoon in the auditorium of the Menachem Begin Heritage Center glued to the screen by a moving documentary entitled The Last Jews of Libya.

The film is just one of more than 200 screenings that will take place over the next 10 days as one of the most anticipated cultural events of the year brings to the city world-renowned directors, actors and screenwriters who mingle with Israeli film buffs and directors of Jewish film festivals from all over the world.

It's always excruciating to sit down at the end of June with the 280 page catalog and a calendar and try to come up with a realistic number of films that will squeeze into your life in July.

My list certainly got off to a good start with The Last Jews of Libya. Produced by Aryeh Bourkoff and his mother, Libyan-born Vivienne Roumani-Denn, the film chronicles three generations of Jews with roots in Benghazi, Libya. Based on the memoirs of Vivienne's mother, Elise Roumani, that were discovered after her death and enhanced by archival footage and interviews, we see 20th century history through the prism of a proud Jewish community that had prospered in a Moslem country for centuries.

This is not the story of poor Eastern European Jews living in shtetls in a predominantly peasant culture. The Jewish families of Benghazi were worldly, sophisticated business people who nevertheless were strong adherents to Jewish tradition and by and large resisted the assimilationist tendencies of their educated Ashkenazic brethren.

Still, the colonial powers of the 20th century combined with the long reach of the Nazis and Arab anger over the founding of the state of Israel all converged to lay waste to this once vibrant Jewish community. Today, unlike Morocco and neighboring Tunisia, there's not a single Jew left in Libya. Many in the audience at the Festival screening are Jews of Libyan descent, who murmur
Destroyed synagogue in Libya
appreciatively at the Arabic and Italian expressions used by some of the interviewees and gasp as the horror of internment camps and Arab pogroms are recounted. (Jump to continuation)

Moscow mayor and council change minds about
City Center location for new Sephardic synagogue

MOSCOW (Press Release)—The city council and mayor have decided to build a kindergarten on a site previously promised to the Sephardic Jewish community for a new synagogue.

Mayor Yuri Luzhkov has signed off on the council's decision, which effectively overrules the proposed synagogue project on Mantulinskaya Street, in downtown Moscow, the “Interfax” news agency reports.

"According to the mayor's decree, the earlier document booking the land plot on Mantulinskaya Street for the Moscow Sephardic community is declared null and void," a spokesperson for the city council said in a statement on Thursday, adding that Luzhkov had ordered a new land plot for the proposed synagogue and cultural center outside the city center.

The preceding story was provided by the World Jewish Congress

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Activated military would receive refunds of
their college tuition under Susan Davis bill

WASHINGTON (Press Release) – Service members who are activated while attending college will not have to worry about losing their tuition under a bill introduced by Congresswoman Susan Davis (Democrat, California). The Veterans Education Tuition Support Act (H.R. 2910) would require colleges and universities to refund tuition of a service member is activated while in school.

“The men and women in our military already make so many sacrifices defending this nation,” said Davis, chairwoman of the Military Personnel Subcommittee. “Their college educations should not be yet another sacrifice. I believe it is important to put these protections into law. Any service member who volunteers for military service deserves certain rights. This legislation compliments the laws already passed protecting
U.S. Rep. Susan Davis

employment to also cover educational status.” Most colleges and universities refund tuition and fees to students when the activation occurs during the academic calendar. However, instances have occurred when a service member has not been reimbursed.

Thousands of military reservists have been activated to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan directly from their college campuses. Unfortunately, students who serve in the military face unique hardships when called upon to defend the United States.

Instances exist when a service member has received failing grades after leaving for service in the middle of the quarter or semester – even after notifying school administration. In one case, a university dismissed a student while he was serving in Iraq.

The Veterans Education Tuition Support Act amends the Service members Civil Relief Act to require colleges and universities to refund service members’ tuition and fees for any unearned credit for the semester or quarter when they are activated.

The legislation also requires colleges and universities to accommodate students when they return and give them identical academic and educational standing.

It applies a 6-percent interest rate cap to student loans of service members, and the bill allows 13 months to begin paying off student loans after a servicemember returns home.

A Senate version was introduced by Sen. Sherrod Brown (Democrat, Ohio). H.R. 2910 has been referred the Veterans Committee. The legislation was written from the recommendations made by Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America based on the experiences of the service members who belong to the group.

Joe Lieberman, in Wall Street Journal op-ed,
declares Iran is waging 'proxy war' against U.S.

(Editor's Note: The following commentary by Sen. Joseph Lieberman appeared in this morning's Wall Street Journal and was released to the news media today on Sen. Lieberman's website. It was the topic of questions posed to U.S. State Department Sean McCormack today, as reported below in "News Sleuths." In an interview with CNN, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice also discussed a response to Iran, excerpted in "News Sleuths.")

By U.S. Sen. Joseph Lieberman

WASHINGTON, DC—Earlier this week, the U.S. military made public new and disturbing information about the proxy war that Iran is waging against American soldiers and our allies in Iraq.

According to Brig. Gen. Kevin Bergner, the U.S. military
Sen. Joseph Lieberman

spokesman in Baghdad, the Iranian government has been using the Lebanese terrorist group Hezbollah to train and organize Iraqi extremists, who are responsible in turn for the murder of American service members.

Gen. Bergner also revealed that the Quds Force -- a special unit of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps whose mission is to finance, arm and equip foreign Islamist terrorist movements -- has taken groups of up to 60 Iraqi insurgents at a time and brought them to three camps near Tehran, where they have received instruction in the use of mortars, rockets, improvised explosive devices and other deadly tools of guerrilla warfare that they use against our troops. Iran has also funded its Iraqi proxies generously, to the tune of $3 million a month.

Based on the interrogation of captured extremist leaders -- including a 24-year veteran of Hezbollah, apparently dispatched to Iraq by his patrons in Tehran -- Gen. Bergner also reported on Monday that the U.S. military has concluded that "the senior leadership" in Iran is aware of these terrorist activities. He said it is "hard to imagine" Ayatollah Ali Khamenei -- Iran's supreme leader -- does not know of them.

These latest revelations should be a painful wakeup call to the American people, and to the U.S. Congress. They also expand on a steady stream of public statements over the past six months by David Petraeus, the commanding general of our coalition in Iraq, as well as other senior American military and civilian officials about Iran's hostile and violent role in Iraq. In February, for instance, the U.S. military stated that forensic evidence has implicated Iran in the death of at least 170 U.S. soldiers.

Iran's actions in Iraq fit a larger pattern of expansionist, extremist behavior across the Middle East today. In addition to sponsoring insurgents in Iraq, Tehran is training, funding and equipping radical Islamist groups in Lebanon, Palestine and Afghanistan -- where the Taliban now appear to be receiving Iranian help in their war against the government of President Hamid Karzai and its NATO defenders. (Jump to continuation)

Arab rhetoric often sounds very familiar

By Alex Grobman, PhD

ENGLEWOOD, New Jersey —Anyone studying the history of the Arab/Israeli conflict has to be struck by the “déjà vu” effect. Arab tactics are repeated to the point where, in many cases, they are practically predictable. As Yogi Berra, the New York Yankee sage, would say, “it is déjà vu all over again.” For example, in 2005 the false charge that Americans at Guantanamo Bay tore up the Koran should not have come as a surprise. The same accusations were made against the British when they administered Palestine. The difference is that the British dismissed them as propaganda.

In June1938, Sir John Shuckburgh, Deputy Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, reported to the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations, that the British forces engaged in fighting terrorism in Palestine “have been subjected to a constant stream of vilification in newspaper articles and pamphlets widely circulated outside Palestine. For the most part, the charges…are sufficiently discredited by their own obvious extravagance. I would only quote as an instance the ‘torn Koran,’ which is a regular feature of such propaganda and is simply manufactured evidence intended to provoke religious feeling.”

When Arabs are involved in a terrorist action, their leaders denounce it, but then justify it. On September 26, 1937, L. Y. Andrews, the acting District Commissioner of the Galilee District, and British Police Constable McEwen were murdered in Nazareth. Other “murderous attacks” occurred in the four administrative districts of Palestine. According to an official British report, the Arabs condemned these outrages, but the British noted that the “Arabs felt they should struggle to defend their land, and that, to them, the men who were regarded by others as extremists and terrorists were patriots and heroes.”

In response to the suicide bomber who detonated himself outside the central bus station in Be'er Sheva on August 28, 2005, Haaretz reported that Khaled al-Batch, an Islamic Jihad leader in Gaza, said he did not know who initiated the attack: "But it came as a natural reaction to the occupation crimes. It is our right to retaliate."

Another typical Arab refrain is that if only the Israelis made this concession or refrained from that provocation, peace would reign. In a communication from a member of the outlawed Arab High Committee to a member of the Mandates Commission in 1937, the author said the British could end these “extremist activities” if they would stop the immigration of Jews into Palestine and thwart the partition of the country. In his view, “there was not an honest man in the world who, in similar circumstances, would not defend his country, as the Arabs were doing.” The British were convinced that the majority of the Arabs wanted to live in peace, but “it was difficult for them to make their influence felt.”

Even after the British issued the White Paper of 1939 that severely limited the number of Jews who could enter Palestine for five years, and even after the Arabs thwarted partition, terrorist activities did not end. (Jump to continuation)

Jews in the News
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Like you, we're pleased when members of our community are praiseworthy, and are disappointed when they are blameworthy. Whether it's good news or bad news, we'll try to keep track of what's being said in general media about our fellow Jews. Our news spotters are Dan Brin in Los Angeles, Donald H. Harrison in San Diego, and you. Wherever you are, if you see a story of interest, please send a summary and link to us at sdheritage@cox.net and we'll acknowledge your tip at the end of the column. To see a source story click on the link within the respective paragraph.

*Chula Vista City Councilman Steve Castaneda, who was arraigned on 15 charges of perjury, preparing false documents, and failing to report his income on state disclosure forms, has contended the case against him is a "political witch hunt" brought against him by District Attorney Bonnie Dumanis. The story by Tanya Mannes is in today's San Diego Union-Tribune.

*Developer Aaron Feldman, central figure in the controversy over the over-height building at Montgomery Field, is the subject of a comprehensive profile today by Will Carless and Andrew Donohue in the Voice of San Diego. Feldman declined being interviewed but other members of the Jewish community either were quoted or spoken about including Alan Bersin, Steve Cushman, Bob Filner, Susan Golding and Sanford Goodkin. The article also mentioned Feldman's ongoing divorce proceedings against his wife Elena, an unsuccessful effort to establish a Jewish country club, and an $800,000 contribution to the San Diego Jewish Academy. Here is the link.

*Steve Harvey, in a column in the Los Angeles Times, notes that Mayans predicted that the world would end December 21, 2012. It reminded him of some other famous apocalyptic predictions including one by a Jamaican Jew that all the tsuris would be over, mon, on October 17, 1992.

*In responding to the criticism by Hillary Clinton of the grant of presidential clemency to I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby, White House spokesman Tony Snow said: "I don't know what Arkansan is for chutzpah but this is a gigantic case of it." He said her husband, former President Bill Clinton, pardoned 140 people in the closing hours of his presidency, including fugitive financier Marc Rich. The Associated Press story is in today's San Diego Union-Tribune. Another version by Richard B. Schmitt and James Gerstenzang is in today's Los Angeles Times.

*A dispute among the various branches of the U.S. military over which, in any, should be in control of various pilotless aircraft, or drones, used over battlefields, may have impacts on the various manufacturers of these drones. For example Israel Aircraft Industries and TRW-Northrop Grumman manufacture the Hunter, used by the U.S. Army; General Atomics Aeronautical Systems of San Diego developed the Predator used by the Air Force, and the Global Hawk, used by the Air Force, was developed by Ryan Aeronautical of San Diego and Northrup Grumman. The Associated Press story by Lolita C. Baldor is in today's San Diego Union-Tribune.

*An unidentified spokesman for Israel Defense Forces was quoted by Isabel Kershner of the New York Times News Service in a story in today's San Diego Union-Tribune about air strikes in Gaza in which 11 insurgents were killed as questioning whether a wounded cameramen who traveled with Hamas fighters should be considered a journalist. Such cameramen, he said, gather intelligence and sometimes arm themselves.

*The movie about slain Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl has had ho-hum results at the box office, notwithstanding the efforts of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt to promote A Mighty Heart. The story by David L. Coddon is in today's San Diego Union-Tribune.

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News Sleuths: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Gaza

Watching the media gathering and reporting the news of Jewish interest

Date: Released July 6, 2007
Time: Uncertain
Interviewer: Maria Bartiromo, CNN's Closing Bell
Interviewee: Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Source: State Department Transcript
Subject: Iran, Saudi Arabia

QUESTION: Out of all of the countries posing threats to America right now, including Russia, Iran, Korea, China, which do you feel is the most dangerous?

SECRETARY RICE: Well, I would say that -- Russia I don't consider even in that category. Let me be very clear, we have our differences with Russia and some of those differences produce conflict, but by no means is this the Soviet Union. We have far more areas of cooperation with Russia than we have areas of conflict.

But when I look at Russia, I think that there's a very good reason to have a good relationship with Russia and it's to deal, for instance, with one of the other countries on your list, Iran. This is a relationship that is, I think, increasingly difficult and a country that is increasingly dangerous. Its support of terrorism around the world in places like --supporting Hezbollah in Lebanon, supporting very radical elements of Hamas in the Gaza Strip in the Palestinian territories, what Iran is doing in the south of Iraq, where it is supporting and arming militias that are then threatening our force presence in Iraq.

If you look at Iran's pursuit of the technologies that would lead to a nuclear weapon despite Chapter 7, the most serious Security Council resolution you can have -- two Chapter 7 resolutions against Iran -- they continue to pursue these policies, not to mention the crackdown on their own population that has caught up some Iranian Americans, one woman who was just going home to visit her elderly mother. So this is a very dangerous state with very dangerous policies. And we need the help and support and intense efforts of the international community to deal with Iran.

QUESTION: Should the U.S. consider military retaliation?

SECRETARY RICE: Well, the President's never going to take his options off the table and frankly, no one should want the American President to take his options off the table. But the President's made clear that we believe that diplomatic solutions to the Iranian problem are very much possible. And if the international community acts with the kind of intensity and the kind of commitment that it can, we will solve the problem in Iran.

Right now -- something that would perhaps be of interest to your listeners, we are working on financial measures that really will say to the Iranians, "You cannot use the benefits of the international financial system and continue to pursue a nuclear weapon." And frankly, people are looking differently at investment risk in Iran. People are looking differently at reputational risk in Iran. When we know that there are Iranian banks, like Bank Sepah, that was actually named in a UN Security Council resolution, that are all tied up with terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, I think international financial institutions that depend a lot on reputation are not going to want to be even close to a country that is under a Chapter 7 resolution. And so we have means at our disposal to change Iranian behavior. (jump to continuation)

CYBER-REFERRALS—Howard Feldman sends us a "Jewlarious" video about what would happen if the boycotters decided to not use any products invented or developed by Israelis or Jews. Here's the link ... Bruce Lowitt spotted a June 30 story by Sarah Rothwell in the Tampa Tribune about a couple who raised their children in a Reform Jewish congregation, while the mother continued to pray at her Catholic church. It worked out better than you might expect. Here is a link. ... Hillel Mazansky has found a fantasy piece about how the communications revolution all began back in the days of Abraham. Here's the link.

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SDNHM seeks Dead Sea Scrolls volunteers

SAN DIEGO (Press Release)—The San Diego Natural History Museum is seeking volunteers for its exhibition, Dead Sea Scrolls, which will continue from now through December 31. This exhibition is the Museum’s largest undertaking to date and volunteers are needed:

The Museum’s Dead Sea Scrolls is the largest, most comprehensive exhibition on this topic ever assembled. Created and assembled by the Museum, it includes authentic Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient illuminated manuscripts, artifacts, landscape and aerial photography, and interactive displays about science, discovery, and exploration. The Dead Sea Scrolls—objects of great mystery, intrigue and significance—are among the greatest archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. For more information, visit www.sdscrolls.org.

The preceding story was provided by the San Diego Natural History Museum

Etz Rimon enrollment opens for Hebrew School

CARLSBAD, California (Press Release)—The Hebrew School of Carlsbad's Temple Etz Rimon has opened enrollment for the coming school year. Judaica classes are offered for grades K-6on Sunday afternoons and Hebrew Language classes during weekday afternoons.

The Judaica and Hebrew programs offer the children a place to learn, grow, build community and be challenged as they become more mature members of our society, commented George McNeil, the school director.

Rabbi Mark Goldberg will be the full-time instructor of the upper class while being a resource for the beginning and intermediate groups. Temple Etz Rimon's youth education focuses upon “giving our children a sense of Jewish identity andimparting to them tools they may use in their lives, both at Temple and in the larger community.

For more information contact McNeil at (760) 757-9239.

The preceding story was provided by Temple Etz Rimon

Dvar Torah: Pinchus
They both knew what time it was...

SAN DIEGO—Originally, Hashem (G-d) told Aharon that he and his children were to be kohains (high priests), and any children born to them in the future would automatically be kohains. One of Aharon's children, Elazar, already had a child Pinchus at that time. Since he was a grandchild, not a child; and would not be born in the future because he was already born, Pinchus was excluded from being a kohain - there was no grandfather clause. This was surely a disappointing and frustrating situation for Pinchus.

Eventually, Pinchus was appointed a kohain, as this parsha (weekly Torah portion) describes. We often have setbacks and disappointments; but if we have patience, persistence and a little faith, things eventually come our way as the following true story illustrates:

Noa was a young lady who, with great courage and personal conviction, moved to Israel from San Diego. She was living in the small town of Tzfat, which she loved. It wasn't easy for her, but with great dedication she struggled to make ends meet, all the while waiting, hoping and praying to meet her bashert (intended) and begin a Jewish family.
Because of the intense difficulties of supporting herself, she was faced with possibility of having to leave Tzfat to go to a larger city in Israel or worse yet, to return to San Diego.

She consulted a Rabbi who advised her to stay in Tzfat. With great faith, she accepted that advice even though on the surface, it didn't seem to make sense, at least not good business sense.

Yosef was living in Ashdod, working at a job there, and devoting himself to daily Torah study. He was at a crossroads, not sure what path to take in terms of his future. He consulted a Rabbi who told him to return to the holy city of Tzfat where his family lived and seek his future there. Everyone whom he mentioned this to, said it was crazy, as Ashdod was a thriving city with a booming economy full of opportunity, while Tzfat had little to offer in the way of anything. He was undeterred. The Rabbi said go to Tzfat, and off to Tzfat he went.

After arriving in Tzfat, his mother mentioned to him a wonderful girl named Noa, whom she had met a year ago but had lost touch with. If only she could find her again, she would be perfect for her son Yosef. That same day Noa went to the famous grave site of Shem V'Ever and prayed to Hashem for a shidduch (match). There was a big Torah lecture being given that night, so she went straight from the grave site to the lecture. (Jump to continuation)

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A primer on the 'documentary hypothesis' of Torah

By Irvin Jacobs, M.D.

DEL MAR, California—The “documentary hypothesis” is a prevailing scholarly understanding of the literary Hebrew Bible, since the “observations” published in 1883 by the German scholar Julius Wellhausen. It purports that the Hebrew Bible consists of four main contributors, labeled respectively, (1) J or Yahweh, (2) E or Elohim, (3) P or Priestly, and (4) D or Deuteronomic, sources. Each source has certain favorite characters, which source tried to favor in “his” story version, which translates to the political agenda of each.

Briefly the J source, which uses the yad-hey-vav-hey name of G-d, is believed to have arisen in the southern kingdom of Judea, and favors the Aaronid priests and the Davidic royal line from the southern tribe of Judah.

The E source, which uses the generic Elohim name of G-d, is believed to have arisen in the northern kingdom of Israel. It emphasizes as heroes Moses and Joshua and the Northern tribes, and puts down the priestly line of Aaron in favor of the priests from Shiloh. Both J and E advocate a personal G-d.

The P source is attributed to the southern kingdom’s Aaronid priestly line in Jerusalem. In P’s writings, Aaron is hero, and the only approach to G-d is via this priesthood. The bulk of the Torah laws, e.g. all of Leviticus and much of the other laws and passages in Genesis and Numbers are attributed to P.

The D source, which is assigned a later date of origin than the first four books of Torah, tends to ignore P sources and extends the lines of thought of J and E, particularly E. It considers that all Levites are priests and shares the law codes from Shiloh in the north. The D writer(s) also is/are credited with recording the subsequent six books of the Bible, Joshua, Judges, Samuel I &II, and Kings I & II. He/They assign(s) the covenant eternally to the House of David.

In this construct, there are redactors (R), one who served as editor after the fall of the Northern Kingdom, and another sometime between the fall of the First Temple in 586 BCE and 460 BCE. Redactors tried to absorb the various components into a seamless piece, likely to satisfy the most people. They did commendable though imperfect work. The fact that many of the Bible stories are told twice (or more), each with different details and outcome, is evidence of this. This is part of the argument for the documentary hypothesis. The hypothesis does not disavow the spiritual intentions of the Bible.

Many leading Biblical scholars support this complex-formula package, among them Richard Elliot Friedman, formerly of UCSD and now at University of Georgia in Athens, who wrote The Bible with Sources Revealed (Harper, 2003) which persuades with rigorous scholarship for this hypothesis. It might be said that this work expresses the ultimate refinement of Wellhausen’s groundbreaking work. However, there remain scholarly disagreements. Friedman, it should be noted, announces room for future revisions, acknowledging that this book itself contains revisions from his thinking in his most famous earlier book, Who Wrote the Bible (Summit, 1987). (Jump to continuation)

Unless otherwise indicated, source for these stories is today's edition of The San Diego Union-Tribune, to which we gratefully provide the links below. We do not apply halacha to determine if a player is Jewish; rather, if he or she has a Jewish parent or has converted to the faith, we count him or her as a member of our community.

Youkilis climbs the easy way in AL standings for batters

BASEBALL—Kevin Youkilis jumped from seventh place to a three-way tie for fifth place in the standings of the American League's best batters. Wow, what did he do? you ask. Absolutely nothing. He sat out the Boston Red Sox 15-4 romp over the Tampa Bay Devil Rays on Thursday. Some of the players who were ahead of him in the standings had bad days at the plate. Jorge Posada of the New York Yankees is an example. In one day Posada's batting average dropped from .330 to .324. Meanwhile with his batting average remaining at .329, Youkilis was in a tie for fifth with Los Angeles Angels Orlando Cabrera and Vladimir Geurrero. No link was provided to the standings chart .. Over in the National League, Shawn Green's single and double were part of a 13-hit New York Mets attack on the Houston Astros leading to a 6-2 victory. Green improved his batting average to .278—exactly 20 points better than that of a Jewish player on the Astros, Brad Ausmus, who grounded out as a pinch hitter in the ninth inning.

TENNIS—Harel Levy of Israel and Rajeev Ram of the United States defeated Benjamin Becker of Germany and Petr Pala of the Czech Republic in the third round of Men's Doubles at Wimbledon, 6-3, 5-7, 6-2, 3-6, 6-2.

IBL Photographer Yehuda Boltshauser has been documenting how a generation of Israelis are
learning about American baseball. These photos were taken July 6.

A Lightning 5-3 victory before the onset of Shabbat

GEZER, Israel July 7- It was an early day at the ballparks on Friday, but that did not seem to bother the Tel Aviv Lightning, who earned a 5-3 victory over the Modi’in Miracle. The win gives manager Steve Hertz’s second-place Lightning a 6-2 record.

6’5” Australian Adam Crabb picked up his third win of the season with a stellar pitching performance. The right-hander, who is unafraid to show his emotion with fist pumping and enthusiastic leaps after a successful inning, tossed a complete game allowing just two earned runs on five hits. He received early support from the offense, including a 3-run homer from right fielder Jeff Hastings.

Down 5-1 in the bottom of the sixth, the Miracle fought back with a home run of their own, a 2-run blast from catcher Eladio Rodriguez. The homer, which was Rodriguez’s third of the season, would not be enough as the Miracle drop to 4-4 on the season.

The other game of the day took place at Yarkon Field where the Netanya Tigers snapped their three-game losing steak to beat the Ra’anana Express 7-3.

A solid performance from lefty Matt Comiter was good enough to give him his first IBL victory. Comiter threw 5 1/3 innings in which he allowed two earned runs on just two hits, striking out six and walking six.

The Tigers scored six of their seven runs in the third inning, but a lot of the credit has to go to a sloppy Express defense that set the table for the Netanya offense. Tigers third baseman Ryan Forsythe put Netanya on the board first with a 2-run single in the bottom of the third. Forsythe, from Tempe, Arizona, went 2-3 with two RBI and one run scored.

W: Adam Crabb (3-0); L: Maximo Nelson (1-1); HR: Jeff Hastings (1), Eladio Rodriguez (3)

Sunday will mark the opening of Sportek as the Petach Tikva Pioneers visit the Netanya Tigers at 5:00 pm. Also on Sunday, the games at Gezer Field and Yarkon Field will be switched to accommodate television crews. At Yarkon, the Bet Shemesh Blue Sox will look to stay undefeated against the Tel Aviv Lightning at 6:00 pm and the Ra’anana Express take on the Modi’in Miracle at Gezer Field at 5:00 pm.

The preceding story was provided by the Israel Baseball League.

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SAN DIEGO—Long Before Tom Stoppard wrote The Coast of Utopia, his epic trilogy of the 19th revolution in Russia which garnered seven Tony Awards this year including one for himself and one for The Old Globe’s Jack O’Brien, he wrote Arcadia which won the Oliver Award for Best Play in 1994. In 1968, he was first introduced to American audience with his Tony Award winning play Rosengrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.

Long before Sean Murray took over the corner suite at 6663 El Cajon Boulevard and did a complete makeover of another theatre space and called it Cygnet, he directed Stoppard’s Arcadia, at the North Coast Repertory Theatre in Solana Beach where he was then artistic director. That was in 1999.

Stoppard, whose formal education ended when he was 17, began his career as a reporter and free lance journalist. His theatrical career began with his writing radio and television plays which ultimately led to his international success starting with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. (More on Stoppard and his Jewish background later)

Arcadia drifts back and forth between early nineteenth century and present day. The way we know which period we’re in, well, the clothes give it away. For six of its seven scenes, the play moves between two worlds, combining the centuries so that in the end, they become one romantic finish.

In Murray’s adaptation, the set which he designed, has a long dining room table as its centerpiece with books piled up along the table with chairs on either end and bay windows lining almost the entire back wall. The entire play, while spanning the centuries, takes place in this front room of an old estate in Derbyshire, England. Outside the estate, a beautiful and orderly park like landscape surrounds the house.

Inside, Thomasina Coverly (Rachael VanWormer) a gifted thirteen-year-old, is being tutored by the young and handsome Septimus Hodge (Matt Biedel) who has all he can do to keep up with the likes of the spirited Thomasina. He has no idea how much turmoil she will throw into his world.

Thomasina is not only bright, impetuous and full of surprises for her rather prudish tutor, she is also a romantic in an age where romantics are scorned and bright young girls were to be seen and not heard. But Stoppard, in his inimitable way, while writing on an intellectual level, (moral philosophy, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, laws of chaos, Newton’s law of motion) aims for the heart with Thomasina asking Septimus for a definition of carnal embrace. Stunned to bumbling, he explains that it is “like the practice of throwing one’s arms around a side of beef."
VanWormer and Biedel*

In her studies, when not romanticizing and coming to grips with her own sexuality, Thomasina has come across Newton’s law of motion when she discovers it odd that when she stirs jam in rice pudding it will not come together again if it is swirled in the other direction. From there she goes on to say that if one could stop every atom in motion, one could write a formula for the future.

Valentine Coverly, (Jason Connors) the now owner of the property, understands that Thomasina was on the right track from reading her diaries, portfolios and letters left behind by the young girl. He finds the books filled with equations that feed solutions from one equation to the next. He can’t understand how she knew this because this process had only been practiced during the past twenty years. But he knew she was right.

Bernard Nightingale (Claudio Roygoza), a visiting university scholar, comes calling to the estate to dig deeper into the works and romances of Lord Byron. He claims to be an expert on the poet. (Nightingale thinks he can prove there was a duel fought at Sidley Park all having to do with infidelity.) If he can prove this, he will become famous. Resisting his inquiries is Hannah Jarvis (Rosina Reynolds) another scholar who wants to restore the decline of ‘that romantic sham of a garden’ at Sidley Park. She studies landscape architecture.

After further investigation, lots of talk and plans to redo the garden, Bernard’s complicated theory is shot down, because of an entry Hannah found in an old gardening book of. Hannah, a victim of that same decline that the garden is undergoing, needs to experience for herself some romance.

Filled with deep philosophical debate of ‘what ifs’, Stoppard finally shifts back to the early 19th century where Thomasina and Septimus dance to the music (a waltz) heard outside the house. She is now 16. He kisses her on the mouth and sends her off to bed. Segue to now, Gus (Zev Lerner) gives Hanna a drawing of Septimus, the Hermit she has been researching, and they too, dance to the waltz.

Following the goings and comings of the good folks at Sidley Park is something like trying to follow the second law of thermodynamics a century before it was discovered (heat cannot pass from a colder body to a warmer body only from a warmer body to a colder body.) It’s like watching a stream of water breaking off into two tributaries and ending up in the same place after taking different paths. It’s a fine mind game while entertaining. Both play periods are loaded with social and sexual intrigue.

Overall the twelve-member cast is pretty much on target. On opening night, Rachael VanWormer a talented young actress, was a bit too screechy as the young Thomasina on opening night. With all the energy she exuded however, it could be overlooked. She is vibrant and full of life and by now, she will have settled into a more even speech patter.

Rosina Reynolds is stately and vulnerable as Hannah. Reynolds, who carries herself with such reassurance, is excellent. Claudio Raygoza worked very hard to be convincing as the super sleuth professor on a quest. He had to believe in his heart he was right. Matt Biedel, a handsome son of a gun, is perfect as Septimus and Jason Connor is relaxed as Valentine.

Jeanne Reith’s costumes, as always, are on target for the two periods and Eric Lotze’s lighting design make all the difference between an OK production and an excellent one.

Tomas Straussler, aka. Tom Stoppard was almost 60 years old when he learned that his grandparents were Jewish, and they along with three aunts were killed in the Holocaust when the Nazi’s invaded Czechoslovakia. Stoppard, who was born in Czechoslvakia in 1937 was forced with his mother and brother , because of their Jewish ancestry, to flee to India after fleeing Singapore.

Tomas’s father, Eugene, a physician for his company was sent to Singapore by his company remained there and died in a Japanese prison camp.

Another account tells that his father died when his boat was blown up in 1942 when he followed his family to India.

In India, Stoppard received an American education. Late in 1945 his mother married a British army major named Kenneth Stoppard. When the family moved to England, Tomas’s name was changed to Tom Stoppard.

Tom, who had publicly protested the treatment of Soviet Jews back in 1978, had no idea of his Jewish roots. Shortly after his mother’s death, however, in 1996, Stoppard’s stepfather wrote and asked Tom to stop using the Stoppard name due to Tom’s “tribalization” with Jewish people.

In 1999 Stoppard describes his feelings about his heritage in an article entitled, On Turning Out to be Jewish.

Despite the fact that the majority of the Roumani family ended up emigrating to America, at their request, Vivienne's parents, Elise and her husband Yosef, are both buried on the Mt of Olives. One of Vivienne's Libyan-born brothers remarks in the film that this was more than a mere gesture—his parents must have wanted to emphasize that Israel is the only place where a Jew can feel totally at home.

Almost the entire Roumani family is present at the screening as Aryeh, a thirty-something Manhattan investment banker, gets up at the end to explain why he produced the film. "I have three kids and I realized I wanted to tell them where we came from," he told the attentive audience. "This was a project celebrating family unity," he continued. The film is dedicated to his grandparents, Elise and Yosef Roumani, who emigrated to America in the 1960s to join two of their sons studying at American universities.

As we file out of the theater, a tall middle-aged man in front of me says to his friend:"Very nice, but why would they only come here to be buried, not to live?"

While some will no doubt claim that Iran is only attacking U.S. soldiers in Iraq because they are deployed there -- and that the solution, therefore, is to withdraw them -- Iran's parallel proxy attacks against moderate Palestinians, Afghans and Lebanese directly rebut such claims.

Iran is acting aggressively and consistently to undermine moderate regimes in the Middle East, establish itself as the dominant regional power and reshape the region in its own ideological image. The involvement of Hezbollah in Iraq, just revealed by Gen. Bergner, illustrates precisely how interconnected are the different threats and challenges we face in the region. The fanatical government of Iran is the common denominator that links them together.

No responsible leader in Washington desires conflict with Iran. But every leader has a responsibility to acknowledge the evidence that the U.S. military has now put before us: The Iranian government, by its actions, has all but declared war on us and our allies in the Middle East.

America now has a solemn responsibility to utilize the instruments of our national power to convince Tehran to change its behavior, including the immediate cessation of its training and equipping extremists who are killing our troops.

Most of this work must be done by our diplomats, military and intelligence operatives in the field. But Iran's increasingly brazen behavior also presents a test of our political leadership here at home. When Congress reconvenes next week, all of us who are privileged to serve there should set aside whatever partisan or ideological differences divide us to send a clear, strong and unified message to Tehran that it must stop everything it is doing to bring about the death of American service members in Iraq.

It is of course everyone's hope that diplomacy alone can achieve this goal. Iran's activities inside Iraq were the central issue raised by the U.S. ambassador to Iraq in his historic meeting with Iranian representatives in Baghdad this May. However, as Gen. Bergner said on Monday, "There does not seem to be any follow-through on the commitments that Iran has made to work with Iraq in addressing the destabilizing security issues here." The fact is, any diplomacy with Iran is more likely to be effective if it is backed by a credible threat of force -- credible in the dual sense that we mean it, and the Iranians believe it.

Our objective here is deterrence. The fanatical regime in Tehran has concluded that it can use proxies to strike at us and our friends in Iraq, Afghanistan, Lebanon and Palestine without fear of retaliation. It is time to restore that fear, and to inject greater doubt into the decision-making of Iranian leaders about the risks they are now running.

I hope the new revelations about Iran's behavior will also temper the enthusiasm of some of those in Congress who are advocating the immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq. Iran's purpose in sponsoring attacks on American soldiers, after all, is clear: It hopes to push the U.S. out of Iraq and Afghanistan, so that its proxies can then dominate these states. Tehran knows that an American retreat under fire would send an unmistakable message throughout the region that Iran is on the rise and America is on the run. That would be a disaster for the region and the U.S.

The threat posed by Iran to our soldiers' lives, our security as a nation and our allies in the Middle East is a truth that cannot be wished or waved away. It must be confronted head-on. The regime in Iran is betting that our political disunity in Washington will constrain us in responding to its attacks. For the sake of our nation's security, we must unite and prove them wrong.

Arab response to the expulsion of approximately 8,000 Jews from Gaza continue this pattern of predictability. Dr. Michael Widlanski reported that commercials on PA television and radio repeat the messages found on street signs of Hamas and Jihad: "Gaza First," "Today Gaza, Tomorrow Jerusalem." When children were interviewed on PA television about the Israeli retreat from Gaza one child said: "We are returning to Jaffa and to Haifa."

According to the Jerusalem Post, terrorist Muhammad Deif, who was responsible for the death of hundreds of Israelis, portrayed Israel's withdrawal from Gaza as a triumph for armed resistance, scoffed at appeals that his group disarm, and pledged to fight Israel until it ceases to exist.

"You are leaving Gaza today in shame," he said. "Today you are leaving hell.
But we promise you that tomorrow all Palestine will be hell for you, God
willing."

At times, the Jews and Arabs appear to be on parallel planets. The Jews uprooted thousands of its citizens while Mahmoud Abbas, who denied the Holocaust, refused to disarm the terrorist organizations.

Editor's Note: In reprinting some of Dr. Grobman's past columns, such as this one written in 2005, we edit for verb tense while leaving the substance in its original form

QUESTION: Is there a divide within the Administration between your diplomatic efforts and Dick Cheney's?

SECRETARY RICE: The Administration, the President and his Administration, are completely supportive of what we're trying to do on Iran. Now, it's not an either/or. I myself believe very strongly in what the President did in January when we had put our carrier strike group into the Gulf to demonstrate that the United States will defend its allies and will defend its interests. It is extremely important that we aggressively go after Iranians and Iranian activities in Iraq when we see them engaging in activities that can threaten our forces.

So yes, there has to be an element to this that sends the Iranians a very strong message that there are coercive elements to our policy as well.

QUESTION: Some people feel we send billions of dollars to the Saudi royal family and some of that money goes to supporting terrorists. How can we ensure that the relationship with the Saudis is sincere and they are not supporting terrorism?

SECRETARY RICE: Well, I think the Saudis are not only not supporting terrorism, they're fighting it. And why? Because it is in their interest to fight it. You might have noticed yesterday that when Zawahiri made his tape, he mentioned the Saudis as one of the targets. Al-Qaida and their types are very much after states like Saudi Arabia as well and we've seen in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the last couple, three years, very aggressive acts against al-Qaida, very aggressive acts to fight terrorism.

Now, there are still charities that we believe are tied up with terrorist financing and the Saudi Government has been working to try to shut those down. Frankly, we didn't understand, the Saudis didn't understand prior to September 11th these networks that sounded like charitable organizations that were actually fronting for terrorist financing. We had to go through a long process of understanding those networks, of using good intelligence information, good financial information to understand those terrorist networks. But I think we have a good partner in Saudi Arabia.

We don't agree on everything, but I do believe that the Saudis, for their own benefit, they're fighting terrorism and fighting it quite aggressively.

QUESTION: A quick question on Russia, which I didn't get to earlier. Does the U.S. have a view about the power transition in Russia? Was it discussed? Will Putin step down?

SECRETARY RICE: Well, I do think that and certainly hope -- but I take President Putin at his word that he will allow the constitutional transfer to take place, that he doesn't have any intention of changing the Russian constitution. It would be very bad for Russia if there was some change in the constitution. But everybody seems to be in Russia -- the buzz seems to be Duma elections and the presidential succession, so I think people expect that there is going to be a change.

We have emphasized that the elections should be free and fair, and free and fair elections don't start on the day of an election. They start with access to the media. They start with the ability of people to assemble and assemble freely. And on those scores, I would hope that Russia would commit to making sure that the elections and the run-up to the elections are really free and fair.

QUESTION: Are free elections always the way to go, though? I mean, you look at free elections in the Middle East. Hamas won. I mean, if we were to see free elections in Lebanon, we know who would win. If you were to see free elections in Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, do we really want to be going down this path of free elections everywhere when fundamentalists and extremists could be leading?

SECRETARY RICE: Well, we did see free elections in Lebanon and Faud Siniora and the March 14th coalition won. Sure, free elections are the only way that people can express themselves. And it can't be the policy of the U.S. Government that we don't want free elections in places that we might not like the outcome. Yes, Hamas won. But with that came certain responsibilities of governing that Hamas has demonstrated it isn't capable of carrying out. And that probably means that the Palestinian people have a clearer idea about what their political options are than if we had not supported the idea of free elections.

I understand that there are places where Islamists seem to be stronger, but the reason that that is the case is that politics has been going on in all of these countries; it's just that the space for healthy politics, the space for moderate forces to grow, has not been there. The only way that you're going to do that is to open up the political system, allow people to express themselves, have freer press. Sometimes you're going to get outcomes that you're not very fond of, but the -- in the absence of free elections you're just going to continue to stifle and smother healthy forces and you're going to continue to have a freedom deficit, which is going to fuel extremism.

Date: July 6, 2007
Time: 2:15pm, Eastern time
Place: U.S. State Department
Spokesman: Sean McCormack, Spokesperson, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Source: State DepartmentTranscript
Subject: Joseph Lieberman, Iran

QUESTION: Can I move on to Iran, please? There's a very strongly worded op-ed in the Wall Street Journal today -- I don't know if you've seen it -- by Lieberman that -- you know, outright accusing Iran of having declared a kind of -- well, actually, an undeclared war against the U.S. using these proxies across the region. Is it not time for swifter action in the Security Council? Is it not time for something beyond -- measures beyond sanctions now? Can you tell me where we are in the process with all this?

MR. MCCORMACK: In terms of -- and I don't want to mix apples and oranges. The Security Council action right now is focused on Iran and trying to stop them from developing their nuclear program. I can't tell you whether in the course of that discussion that other members aren't going to perhaps want to take into account other aspects of Iran's behavior that is clearly outside the accepted international norms. We'll see in the course of this debate.

Certainly, none of the headlines in the news reports concerning Iran's action in Iraq and throughout the region and around the globe for that matter does Iran's reputation any good. Very clearly, this is a government that has a cloud over it, and that cloud is only getting darker. It is only growing. Not because of any actions that we or the Security Council or anybody else has taken, but through their own actions.

And that's going to have costs. That is going to have costs in the international financial system. That is going to have costs in the business community. Without governments even acting, businesses are going to ask questions of themselves: Do we really want to do business with this government if our reputations are somehow going to be sullied by interacting with this government or some of these government entities? So that's one aspect to this.

We're right now talking to the Security Council partners about some of the building blocks, the elements of a potential Security Council resolution. And I would expect that over the coming weeks that that activity is going to pick up steam, it's going to become more focused on drafting language for a resolution. I can't -- I'm not going to try to predict for you right now what sort of timeline. I never predict what timeline the Security Council is going to act on.

We also are working on a bilateral basis with various other countries. As I said, concerning Iran's interaction with the international financial institution, this is a process that was begun by the Treasury Department, Secretary Treasury Paulson, Under Secretary Stuart Levy. And so we're going to continue that -- traveling -- working with European banks, financial institutions, as well as some of the Asian banks, Japanese banks as well.

And then lastly, we're going to make sure that, as President Bush said, that our forces protect themselves and they are going to act against any individuals who are seeking to do them harm. And if that means rolling up some of these EFP networks, that's what they're going to do. And we've seen evidence that our military forces in Iraq are going to take steps to protect themselves. We've seen various people arrested, various people detained. And I would expect that if Iran continues in supporting these networks, then we're going to continue to go after them.

QUESTION: Yeah, as you said, we're seeing, you know, more and more evidence every day. We've got satellite pictures now of this Imam Ali base, the training camps. Lieberman's calling for a unified message, a bipartisan message when Congress reconvenes next week to provide some kind of stronger deterrent stronger than sanctions. I know sanctions are specific in the nuclear issue, but there seems to be this mounting consensus that Iran really needs to be put on notice. What's your reaction to that?

MR. MCCORMACK: Well, I think they have been put on notice. I don't think there's any mistaking the message that we are sending to the Iranian regime.

And it's not just us. The Iraqi Government doesn't want to see Iran taking any measures to destabilize the situation there and countries around the world -- I think you're -- you know, other than some outliers like Venezuela and a few others that you can count on one hand, there's a clear message being sent to Iran. I think Iran has been shocked by the fact that countries like Russia and China have voted against them in the Security Council, voted against them in the IAEA Board of Governors.

So Iran, I think, finds itself isolated and it's only going to find itself more isolated if it continues with the kind of behavior patterns that we've seen over the past months and years.

QUESTION: Are you anticipating another meeting shortly similar to the Crocker meeting you had a few weeks ago, the ambassador-level meeting?

MR. MCCORMACK: Nothing planned at this point.

QUESTION: No?

MR. MCCORMACK: No, we would like to -- we would like to see a change in Iranian behavior. That was the message that Ambassador Crocker sent when he met with the Iranian representative last time. Thus far, I don't think we've seen, at least as far as I know, much evidence of a change in Iranian behavior.

QUESTION: Are the Iraqis pushing for another meeting?

MR. MCCORMACK: They would like to see a meeting. I don't think there's been a formal request, but it's no secret. In public, they have talked about their interest of -- in having a meeting. We understand that. It's only natural, where Iraq has Iran as its neighbor; that's not going to change.

QUESTION: Is this something the United States would be open to, another meeting to thrash this out, this mountain of -- sharing this evidence?

MR. MCCORMACK: Again, we -- you know, again, we -- if the opportunity presents itself and we think it's the right moment to seize that opportunity, we will. At this point, I don't think we would make that assessment, but it's something that we hold open. We still have not yet seen any change in Iranian behavior, though.

Key: >> Intervening questions were on unrelated topic or topics.

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Both knew the time ...
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As she was going down the steps from the grave site to a walking bridge, she saw a young man approaching the bridge from the opposite direction. She was immediately taken by him - she felt she was looking at an angel. He too was crossing the bridge. She looked down at her watch because she didn't want to stare at him but her heart was pounding as she crossed the bridge with this stranger. Little did she know but he had the exact same reaction to her and he also started looking at his watch to avoid staring. There was no conversation on that bridge but they both knew what time it was.

When Noa arrived at the lecture, it was big and crowded and there were not many more seats. Noa found a seat for herself and some friends. Just then she saw her good friend Gila seated on the other side of the auditorium. She asked Gila to join her, but Gila said she had had an exhausting day and was too tired to move. Noa managed to find exactly enough seats for everybody and moved her party to Gila's side of the room.

As Noa was about to finally sit down, she heard a voice calling her name. It was Yosef's mother Miriam, who was also seated on that side of the room. Had Noa not moved to that side of the huge crowded room, Miriam never would have seen her. Miriam now told Noa all about her son Yosef, and suggested they go on a date. Noa said sure, why not
give it a try. Miriam pointed out her son to Noa who was shocked to see that this was the "angel" on the bridge. He was equally delighted when he discovered who she was. Yosef and Noa dated and it did not take long for them to get engaged and the rest is history.

Had she not stayed in Tzfat, had Yosef not gone to Tzfat, had Gila not been exhausted, had there not been just enough seats to move to the other side - had so many things not happened precisely as they did - Yosef and Noa never would have met. When something is meant to be, Hashem will move heaven and earth to make it happen.

Dedicated by Ricky and Ashira Kramer in honor of ShulWeek and Rabbi Lederman for enhancing our Shabbos table with inspiring Divrei Torah. Dedicated by Cliff Alsberg in honor of his wife Laurie, and children Adam and Naomi whose 7th and 9th birthdays are right around the corner.

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Documentary hypothesis...
(Continued from above)

A leading advocate of a competing theory is Professor Gary A Rendsburg of Rutgers University, who sees the literary structure (called redactional structuring), specifically of Genesis, differently and with its own carefully crafted message.

He emphasizes that the Biblical writings were for centuries “read” out loud to First Temple Israelites, most of which could not read text. Listeners however related to and learned the stories of these early writings, by astute listening. They discerned when a certain uncommon word or phrase was used first in one context, later to reappear again in another context. They also recognized and understood literary devices such as alliterations, puns and word play, metaphors, onomatopoeia, homonyms, and themes and order within stories, which provided insights and connections between the various stories—including double entendres and subtext meanings.

Against this background, Rendsburg identifies major themes in the Genesis stories, and remarkable story construction effects. Key themes in the Genesis material (and beyond) are: 1) The Barren Woman, and 2) The Younger Son. The purposes of these themes, he argues, are two-fold, literary and theological. The concepts: barren women ultimately giving birth, and a younger son superseding his older brother, represent the atypical, therefore are enticing literature. At the same time, these themes support the underdog, i.e. theologically the Israelite nation’s “self-definition.”

Rendsburg identifies the three main stories in Genesis to demonstrate its literary structure. These are the Abraham and Jacob cycles, and the Joseph “novella.” These are told in a chiastic structure (from the Greek letter Chi, which looks like an x and suggests that the patterning is to be visualized as technically the left half of an x). The stories build up with identifiable episodes: A>B>C>D>E>to a pivot point, after which parallel equivalent episodes are repeated in reverse order E’>D’>C’>B’>A’. In the case of the Abraham cycle, these are:

C Sarai in foreign palace; ordeal ends in peace and success. Abram and Lot part.

C’ Sarah in foreign palace; ordeal ends in peace and success; Abraham and Ishmael part

In addition, each of the matching episodes is linked by a series of key words, e.g. lekh lekha, “go forth” in B and B’. Similarly the place names Moreh in B and Moriah in B’.

Similar constructions are present in the Jacob and Joseph narratives. In addition the Biblical redactor deals with the primeval stories preceding Abraham in an analogous redactional structure, only in these first 11 chapters of Genesis he creatively employs a pure parallel structure instead of the chiastic structure: A>B>C>D>E (Chapters 1:1-6:8), followed by A’>B’>C’>D’>E’ (Chapters 6:9-11:26). He also insinuates linking materials between the above main stories.

Rendsburg credits the initial observations for his thesis to Umberto Cassuto of Hebrew University in the 1950’s, but who died before he fully explicated his discovery. Michael Fishbane (1979), U. of Chicago, and Jack Sasson, Vanderbilt U., furthered the work, and Rendsburg completed the packaged thesis, in his The Redaction of Genesis (Eisenbrauns, 1986). He concludes that the Biblical redactors intended to show the hand of G-d in such literary unity. “A theological message shines through: There is a divine presence in Israel’s history, the redactional structure serving as the blueprint thereof.”

I would argue that Friedman’s and Rendsburg’s theses are not mutually exclusive of each other. When one looks carefully at the Biblical texts, with both scholars’ works as guides, there is good reason to conclude that the Biblical editors were multifaceted geniuses, capable of conveying messages on multiple levels to our early ancestors.

Dr. Jacobs is what is described in academia as a "returning student." Retired from one successful career, he now is doing advanced studies for pleasure at UC San Diego. The foregoing article was an article he wrote last semester for a class in Jewish Studies.